DHCP -
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. Automatically assigns stuff like IP addresses to computers on a network. On Linux, this is controlled by a configuration file /etc/dhcp/dhcp.conf, and the assigned addresses are stored at /var/lib/dhcpd/dhcpd.leases. You can find out what the settings in the file mean by reading
this, but you should know about things like IP addresses and private/public networks first.